Which exceptions and limitations to copyright exist?

Exceptions and limitations to copyright are exhaustively listed in Articles 47 to 57 of the Copyright and Related Rights Act. They are divided into two main categories. Statutory (legal) licenses (situations in which the law specifies the conditions under which copyrighted works may be used without the transfer of economic rights, but where compensation to the author is required) and free uses (situations in which copyrighted works may be used without the author’s permission and without payment of compensation, provided that the use complies with the conditions set by law.

In both cases, the source and authorship of the work must be properly acknowledged.

Exceptions and limitations to copyright apply where other public or private interests outweigh the interests of the author. Typical examples include uses for educational purposes, scientific research, public safety etc.